KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

MATTER- anything tha has mass and takes up space. It exists in three forms which are solids,liquids                         and gas.

*properties of solids
-they have a fixed volume
-the have a fixed shape
-they can not be compressed
-they do not flow

*properties of liquids 
-they have a fixed volume
-they have no fixed shape
-they can not be compressed
-they can flow

*properties of gases
-they have no fixed volume
-no fixed shape
-they can be compressed
-they can flow in all direction


 The Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter

- particles are too small to be seen directly

-there are spaces in between particles of matter:the amount of space varies between each states

-the particles are constantly moving each state moves in different speed.

DIFFUSION

- IT Is the spreading and mixing of particles in gases and liquids

    

   Diffusion of gases

 - Bromine drops are placed into a jar. Another jar full of air is placed on top of jar with bromine,separated with cover. Cover is removed and bromine evaporates, filling both jars with dense reddish-brown bromine vapour.

    

explanation:

- Bromine particles move from lower jar into spaces between air particles in upper jar. At the same time, air particles move down from upper jar to mix with bromine particles in lower jar. Eventually, bromine and air particles are mixed completely

 Diffusion in liquids

 - CUSO4(copper sulphate) crystals placed in beaker of water, blue particles of the crystals is spread throughout the water to form uniformly blue solution

  

Factors affecting rate of reaction

-temperature

    The higher the temperature, the more particles of matter absorb energy making them move faster, the higher the rate of diffusion; the lower the temperature,the slower the rate of diffusion

-mass of particles

   Greater mass, the slower it diffuses; Smaller mass, the faster it diffuses

Particulate models of matter

 *SOLIDS

 

-particles are packed close together in orderly arrangement

-they have little empty spaces between them

-can vibrate but can not move freely

-held together by strong forces of attraction

*LIQUIDS

 -they are packed closely but not in an orderly manner

-have little empty spaces between them but more than solids

-are not held fixed but free to move a bit

*GASES

                                                  

-are far apart from each other

-are held together by weak forces of attraction

-have larger empty spaces between particles

 change of state

 *melting

- 

melting is the change of state from solid to liquid by absorbing heat to break forces of attraction holding the particles together. The temperature at which the solid melts is called the melting point.

 heating curve:

freezing

  freezing is a change of state from liquid to solid.when particles are put in a very cold area particles gain their forces of attraction and come together to form a solid.

 

 Boiling

 it is the change of state from liquid to gas. Boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid boils.

Evaporation

 is the change of state from liquid to gas without boiling.it occurs below the boiling point at the surface of the liquid. it also gives a cooling effect.

Condensation

 change of state from gas to liquid.heat energy is given out as particles slows down and start to gain forces of attraction to form a liquid.

Sublimation

 change of solid to gas without melting